Medical Conditions and Driving: A Review of the Literature (1960 – 2000)
TRD Page
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Section1: Introduction
Section 2: Vision
Section 3: Hearing
Section 4: Cardiovascular
Section 5: Cerebrovascular
Section 6: Peripheral Vascular
Section 7: Nervous System
Section 8: Respiratory
Section 9: Metabolic
Section 10: Renal
Section 11: Musculoskeletal
Section 12: Psychiatric
Section 13: Drugs
Section 14: Aging Driver
Section 15: Anesthesia and Surgery
Appendix A
List of Tables
List of Figures
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Section 9: Metabolic Diseases

References

9.1 Diabetes Mellitus

Arias, P., Kerner, W., Zier, H., Navascues, I., & Pfeiffer, E. F. (1985). Incidence of hypoglycemic episodes in diabetic patients under continuous insulin infusion and intensified conventional insulin treatment: assessment by means of semiambulatory 24-hour blood glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care, 8, 134-139.

Austroads. (1998). Assessing fitness to drive. Austroads guidelines for health professionals and their legal obligations. Sydney, Australia: Superline Printing.

Banting, F., Campbell, W., & Fletcherm A. (1923). Further clinical experience with insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. British Medical Journal, 1, 8-12. Bergada, L., Swiss, S., Dufrense, J., & Schiffrin, A. (1989). Severe hypoglycemia in IDDM children. Diabetes Care, 12, 239-244.

Berlin, I., Grimaldi, A., Payan, C., Sachan, C. B. F. T. F., & Puech, A. (1987). Hypoglycemic symptoms and decreased B-adrenergic sensitivity in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 10, 742-747.

Blackman, J., Towle, V., Lewis, G., Spire, J. P., & Polonsky, K. (1990). Hypoglycemic thresholds forcognitive dysfunction in humans. Diabetes, 39, 828-835.

Canadian Diabetic Association. (2000). http://www.diabetes.ca/about_ diabetes/index.html

Canadian Medical Association. (2000). Determining medical fitness to drive A guide for physicians. Ottawa, Canada.

Casparie, A. F., & Elving, L. D. (1985). Severe hypoglycemia in diabetic patients: frequency, causes, prevention. Diabetes Care, 8(2), 141-145.

Centres for Disease Control. (1998). http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/

Chantelau, E. (1991). Epilepsy or diabetes and auto accidents: Letter to the Editor. New England Journal of Medicine, 324(21), 1510.

Clark, A.J.L., Knight, G., Wiles, P. et al. (1982). Biosynthetic human insulin in the treatment of diabetes a double-blind crossover trial in established diabetic patients. The Lancet, 14, 354.

Collier, A., Steedman, D., Patrick, A. et al. (1987). Comparison of intravenous glucagon and dextrose in the treatment of severe hypoglycemia in an accident and emergency department. Diabetes Care, 10, 712-715.

Cox, D. J., Gonder-Frederick, L., & Clarke, W. (1993). Driving decrements in Type I diabetes during moderatehypoglycemia. Diabetes, 42, 239-243.

Crancer, A. M. L., & McMurray, L. (1968). Accident and violation rates of Washington's medically restricted drivers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 205, 74-79.

Cryer, P., & Gerich, J. (1983). Relevance of glucose counterregulatory systems to patients with diabetes: critical roles of glucagon, epinephrine. Diabetes Care, 6, 95-99.

Davis, T. C., Wahling, E. H., & Carpenter, R. L. (1973). Oklahoma's medically restricted drivers. A study of selected medical conditions. Journal of Oklahoma State Medical Association, 66, 322-327.

Eadington, D. W., & Frier, B. M. (1989). Type I diabetes and driving experience: an eight-year cohort study. Diabetic Medicine, 6(2), 137-141.

Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Teuscher, A.U., & Teuscher, A. (1991). Influence of human insulin on symptoms and awareness of hypoglycemia: A randomised double blind trial. British Medical Journal, 303, 622-626.

Frier, B.M., Matthews, D.M., Steel, J.M., & Duncan, L.J. (1980). Driving and insulin dependent diabetes. The Lancet, June 7th, 1232-1234.

Fui, S., Pickup, J., Bending, J., Collins, A., Keen, H., &Dalton, N. (1986). Hypoglycemia, counterregulation in insulin-dependent diabetic patients: A comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and conventional insulin injection therapy. Diabetes Care, 9, 221-227.

Gale, E., & Tattersall, R. (1979). Unrecognized nocturnal hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetics. The Lancet, 1, 1049-1052.

Gerich, J. E., Mokan, M., Veneman, T., Korytkowski, M., & Mitrakou, A. (1991). Hypoglycemia unawareness. Endocrine Reviews, 12, 356-371.

Goldfein, A., Moore, R., Zileli, S., Havens, L., Boling, L., & Thorn, G. (1961). Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 21, 296-304.

Goldgewicht, C., Slama, G., Papoz, L., & Tchobroutsky, G. (1983). Hypoglycemic reactions in 172 type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia, 24, 95-99.

Goldstein, D. E., England, J. D., Hess, R., Rawlings, S. S., & Walker, B. (1981). A prospective study of symptomatichypoglycemia in young diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 4(6), 601-605.

Grimaldi, A. B. F., Davidoff, P., Digy, J., & Landault, C. T. F., et al. (1990). Unawareness of hypoglycemia by insulin-dependent diabetics. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 22, 90-95.

Hansotia, P., & Broste, S. K. (1991). The effect of epilepsy or diabetes mellitus on the risk of automobile accidents. The New England Journal of Medicine, 324(1), 22-26.

Heller, S., & Cryer, P. (1991). Reduced neuroendocrine, symptomatic responses to subsequent hypoglycemia after one episode of hypoglycemia in nondiabetic humans. Diabetes, 40, 223-226.

Heller, S., Hervert, M., MacDonald, I., & Tamborlane, W. (1987). Influence of sympathetic nervous system onhypoglycemic warning symptoms. Lancet, 2, 359-363.

Heller, S., & MacDonald, I. (1991). Physiologic disturbances in hypoglycemia: effect on subjective awareness. Clinical Science, 81, 1-9.

Hepburn, D. A., Patrick, A. W. E. D. W., Ewing, D. J., & Frier, B. M. (1990). Unawareness of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients: prevalence and relationship to autonomic neuropathy. Diabetic Medicine, 7, 711-717.

Hoeldtke, R., Boden, G., Shuman, C., & Owen, C. (1982). Reduced epinephrine secretion, hypoglycemic unawareness in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 96, 459-462.

Ipp, E., & Forster, B. (1987). Sparing of cognitive function in mild hypoglycemia: dissociation from the neuroendoctrine response. Clinical and Endocrinology Metabolism, 65, 806-810.

Jennings, A.M., Wilson, R.M., & Ward, J.D. (1989). Symptomatic hypoglycemia in NIDDM patients treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. Diabetes Care, 12, 203-209.

Jones, T., Caprio, S., Diamond, M., et al. (1991). Does insulin species modify counter-regulatory hormone response to hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care, 14, 728-731.

Joslin, E., Gray, H., & Root, H. (1924). Insulin in hospital, home. Journal of Metabolic Research, 21, 651-699.

Koepsell, T. D., Wolf, M. E., McCloskey, L., Buchner, D. M., Louie, D., Wagner, E. H., & Thompson, R. S. (1994). Medical conditions and motor vehicle collision injuries in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42(7), 695-700.

MacLeod, K. M., Hepburn, D. A., & Frier, B. M. (1993).Frequency and morbidity of severe hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine, 10(3),238-245.

Maddock, S., & Trimble, H. (1928). Prolonged insulin hypoglycemia without symptoms. Journal of the American Medical Association, 91, 616-621.

Mitrakou, A., Ryan, C., Veneman, T., Mokan, M., Jenssen, T., Kiss, I., Durrant, J., Cryer, P., & Gerich J.(1991). Hierarchy of glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone secretion, symptoms, and cerebraldysfunction. American Journal of Physiology, 260 (1 Pt 1), E67-74.

Mokan, M., Mitrakou, A. R. G., et al. (1991). Differential effects of duration of diabetes and glycemic control on threshold and magnitudes of responses to hypoglycemia. Diabetes, 40 (Suppl 1), 556A.

Moses, R., Hubert, P., & Lewis-Driver, D. (1985). Serious hypoglycemia: A one year prospective study in Wollongong.Medical Journal of Australia, 142, 294-296.

Mulhauser, I., Berger, M., Sonnenberg, G., Koch, J., et al. (1985). Incidence and management of severe hypoglycemia in 434 adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 8, 268-273.

National Institutes of Health. (1995). Diabetes In America (2nd edition). Bethesda, MD: NIH Publication No. 95-1468, 1-733.

Nilsson, A., Tideholm, B., Kalen, J., & Katzman, P. (1988). Incidence of severe hypoglycemia and its causes in insulin-treated diabetics. Acta Medicus Scandinavia, 224, 257-262.

Orchard, T. M. T., Becker, D., Dorman, J., & Drash, A. (1991). Human insulin use, hypoglycemia: Insights from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complication Study. Diabetic Medicine, 8, 469-474.

Potter, J., Clarke, P., Gale, E. A. M., Dave, S. H., & Tattersall, R. B. (1982). Insulin-induced hypoglycemia in an accident and emergency department: The tip of an iceberg? British Medical Journal, 285, 1180-1182.

Pramming, S., Thorsteinsson, B., Bebdtson, I., & Bionder, C. (1991). Symptomatic hypoglycemia in 411 Type I diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine, 8, 217-222.

Pramming, S., Thorsteinsson, B., Theilgarrd, A., Pinner, E. M., & Binder, C. (1986). Cognitive function during hypoglycemia in Type I Diabetes Mellitus. British Medical Journal, 292, 647-650.

Schwartz, M., Sipols, A., Khan, S., et al. (1990). Kinetics, specificity of insulin uptake from plasma into cerebrospinal fluid. American Journal of Physiology, 259, E378-E383.

Sussman, K., Crout, J., & Marble, A. (1963). Failure of warning in insulin-induced hypoglycemic reactions. Diabetes, 12, 38-45.

Ryder, R., Owens, D., Hayes, T., Ghateau, M., & Bloom, S.(1990). Unawareness of hypoglycemia and inadequate hypoglycemic counterregulation: No causal relationship with diabetic neuropathy. British Medical Journal, 301, 783- 787.

Songer, T. J., LaPorte, R. E., Dorman, J. S., Orchard, T. J., Cruickshanks, K. J., Becker, D. J., & Drash, A. L. (1988).Motor vehicle accidents and IDDM. Diabetes Care, 11(9), 701-707.

Songer, T. J., Lave, L. B., & LaPorte, R. E. (1993). The risks of licensing persons with diabetes to drive trucks. Risk Analysis, 13(3), 319-326.

Stevens, A. B., Roberts, M., McKane, R., Atkinson, A. B., Bell, P. M., & Hayes, J. R. (1989). Motor vehicle driving among diabetics taking insulin and non-diabetics. British Medical Journal, 299, 591-595.

Teuscher, A., & Berger, W. (1987). Hypoglycemia unawareness in diabetes transferred from beef/porcine insulin to human insulin. Lancet, 2, 382-385.

The DCCT Research Group. (1987). Diabetes control and complications trial (DCCT): Results of feasibility study. Diabetes Care, 10, 1-19.

The DCCT Research Group. (1991). Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). American Journal of Medicine, 90, 450-459.

U.S. Department of Transportation. (1992). Status of Medical Review in Driver Licensing Policies, Programs and Standards, HS 807 892 Final Report (March).

Veneman, Th.F. (1996). Diabetes mellitus and traffic incidents. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 48, 24-28.

Waller, J. A. (1965). Chronic medical conditions and traffic safety. The New England Journal of Medicine, 273(26), 1413-1420.

Ward, C. M., Stewart, A. W., & Cutfield, R. G. (1990).Hypoglycemia in insulin dependent diabetic patients attending an outpatients' clinic. New Zealand Medical Journal, 103(894), 339-341.

Widom, B., & Simonson, D. (1990). Glycemic control, neuropsychologic function during hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 112, 904-912.

Ysander, L. (1966). The safety of drivers with chronic disease. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 23, 28-36.

9.2 Thyroid Disease

Austroads. (1998). Assessing fitness to drive. Austroads guidelines for health professionals and their legal obligations. Sydney, Australia: Superline Printing.

Barnes, H.V. (1990). Hypothyroidism. In J.L. Spivak & H.V. Barnes (Eds.), Manual of clinical problems in internal medicine (4th Ed.). Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.

Canadian Medical Association. (2000). Guide for physicians in determining medical fitness to drive. Ottawa, Canada.

Goroll, A.H., May, L.A., & Mulley, A.G. Jr. (1987). Primary care medicine office evaluation and management of the adult patient (2nd Ed.). London: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

Goroll, A.H., May, L.A., & Mulley, A.G. Jr. (1995). Primary care medicine office evaluation and management of the adult patient (3rd Ed.). London: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.

Haggerty, J.J., Evans, D.L., & Pringe, A.J. (1986). Organic brain syndrome associated with marginal hypothy-roidism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 785-786.

Mennemeier, M. Garner, R.D., & Heillman, K.M. (1993).Memory, mood and measurement in hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 822-831.

Osterweill, D., Syndulko, K., Cohen, S.N., et al. (1992). Cognitive function in non-demented older adults with hypothyroidism. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 325-335.

 

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